What Do People Say About Life After Death?

Indian Key to Successful Marriage

So You Want to Decome a Nurse?

Why Drown?

AUGUST 8, 1961

THE MISSION OF THIS JOURNAL

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Is Unqualified Obedience Morally Right? 3 What Do People Say About Life

After Death?

Population Increase

Indian Key to Successful Marriage

Electrician versus Theologian

So You Want to Become a Nurse?

Why Drown?

"Let Marriage Be Honorable”

Why Is Chocolate so Deliciously More-ish?

Faith Cures

Sunburn and How It Affects You

Watch and Pray

“Your Word Is Truth”

How Long Did Methuselah Live?

Watching the World

By “AwakeT* correspondent in Sweden

IN CONNECTION with the Eichmann process at Jerusalem, the old question of the individual’s obligation to obey orders from government authorities has come up for discussion in many places. In the Stockholm Dagens Nyheter some interesting articles have dealt with the danger of unqualified obedience when it is a matter of performing acts that conflict with reason and morals. The meaning of the words “loyalty” and “treason” was thoroughly searched and debated, but it was impossible to attain to any really clear position, which is understandable because the problem cannot be fully judged without the aid of the highest existing authority in questions like these, that is, God’s Word.

The daily’s editor, Olof Lagercrantz, wrote that conflicts of conscience are “a chapter of serious concern.” “Our ability to survey things is small, our knowledge of the motives and inducements of the opponent are insufficient and the searchlight of our understanding is easily misled.” He deplored that even in the democracies the demand for loyalty and the accusation of treason are nowadays instruments of terror that are used in order to make differing ideas suspect.

“That society does not hold any unqualified right to demand our obedience is hardly disputed by anyone,” wrote Professor Anders Wedberg. If a law is made that I know is going to cause harm, is it not my duty to refuse to obey it? This thesis was especially timely in the days of Hitler's rule, but is so still. Law obedience is not of unqualified virtue in all circumstances.

According to Swedish law and the law in other lands, certain acts, which in themselves are against the law, do not become lawbreaking if they are committed because of so-called collisions of interests, as, for instance, qualified self-defense and certain measures taken in cases of emergency. Thereby it is acknowledged that situations may arise where otherwise valid laws cannot be applied, because that would mean a violation of justice.

During the great case at court in Nuremberg in 1945, the rule was laid down that offenses against humanitarian precepts could not be justified by reference to existing orders from a higher authority, a principle that probably would be recognized by all civilized nations. So there are, it is admitted, factors in life that are of greater judicial power than governmental authority.

One writer in the Dagens Nyheter series, Harald Ofstad by name, reminded his readers how Hitler’s soldiers in his day had to take the following oath: “I swear by God this holy oath, that I am to be un-qualifyingly obedient to Adolf Hitler, the Fuehrer of the German people.” But who would take such an oath today? In the present Western Germany the law expressly says that an order must not be followed if it involves committing a crime. But who decides where the borderline goes? Here the correct answer may be given only by a dedicated Christian, as he has learned to “obey God as ruler rather than men.” (Acts 5:29) The rest of the people do not always know which standard they are to be governed by. If the higher authority is infallible, then I must, of course, obey it, they say. But cannot the authority also be misled, be on the wrong track? Is it my duty, then, to decide for myself how far I must go? Here they are getting into what is called serious conflicts of conscience. What was fully legal, commendable, loyal and patriotic in Germany in 1940 may today be judged as treason, madness and a crime against both God and men.

It has often happened that persons in •authority have advised citizens who have declared that they hold an opinion that differs from the common one, in the matter of military service for example, that “if is better to do as the government decrees,” that “to obey the authorities is the wise course,” to let them carry the responsibility before God. But people are now beginning to see how illogical such reasoning is. Suppose that the early Christians in ancient Rome had followed that line of conduct. We learn that their uncompromising stand in matters of faith became a stone of stumbling to the heathens, who reckoned that the Christians were dissolving "the ties which customland upbringing had made sacred, they were accused of insulting the religious opinions of their country and of haughtily despising that which their fathers had believed to be true and had venerated as sacred,” says Edward Gibbon. Ought not the Christians, for the sake of peace, rather have submitted to the opinions of the heathens? Impossible. At the risk of being stamped as atheists and being sentenced to secular authority’s heaviest penalty they had to stick to their conviction and worship.

Harald Ofstad stresses that it was through the rise of national states that faithfulness toward the nation became domineering. Broadminded persons, however, have always seen that the national state is not the highest authority, even if it has the power to send the doubting ones to prison. It is very interesting to note that more and more people are beginning to see that the "loyalty hysteria,” as Ofstad calls it, which was earlier commonly connected with the church and now is expressing itself in the sphere of nationality, is a spiritual malady. When a person begins to see toward whom he is really obligated for his life and who it is that has promised a righteous new world, where Christ will be the King, then he also appreciates whose word and laws he is dutybound to obey in the first place. The just demands and laws of this One, that is, Jehovah God, are not altered from time to time, as is the case in national governments, but are eternally unchangeable. It is right and it pays to obey and follow them.—Ex. 20:5; 2 Pet. 3:13.

What Do People Say, About

WHEN Professor J, B. Rhine, authority on telepathy, clairvoyance and extrasensory perception and director of the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University, was asked about the possibility of life after death, he said that thirty-five years of research had failed to produce scientific proof of life after death.

It is obvious that our present physical bodies do not survive, but does this mean that at death the life of man is snuffed out like a candle flame? Does man know?

When Selman A. Waksman, Nobel prize winner for his part in the discovery of streptomycin, discussed the subject of life after death from the viewpoint of a biologist, without considering the religious and supernatural beliefs, he said: “We must conclude that life, at least in a material sense, ceases with death, . , . This leaves us with the possibility that ‘life’ after death, in the immaterial form of a soul or spirit, might provide immortality after the cessation of life. All attempts, however, to prove the existence of such spiritual entities by the methods of science have been universally unsuccessful. ■ . . There seems to be no necessary scientific reason to believe in life after death. . . . Therefore, we

death is in disagreement with all the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of modern biology.”

While such conclusions may satisfy the materialist and annihilationists, they by no means satisfy all people. In fact, the vast majority of the human race insists that life after death is a reality. As for scientific views and discoveries, H. C. Haydn in his book Death and Beyond says: “I hold it to be clear beyond a peradventure, that so far as Science has, to this day, gone, there is no evidence that Death ends all.”

If men find a “ death-ends-ah" theory unacceptable, in fact, unthinkable, what reasons do they give for believing that life goes on after death? Harold C. DeWindt, pastor of Kirk in the Hills at Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in an Easter message gave three distinct reasons why he believed in life after death. First, he says: “Our instinct tells us there is life after death. It is the most universal conviction of the human race. Psychologists say it is even more widespread than our belief in God.” ‘For every instinct,’ DeWindt argues, ‘there is a satisfaction; for thirst, there is water; for hunger, there is food. Would God put into our hearts the feeling of life after death Heve that our souls survive after death because we cannot help believing it,” he asserts. "We yearn for a life that will never end, and our yearning for it is our first assurance of it.”

Secondly, DeWindt says: “Our reason, too, tells us that life is eternal. Is it sensible,” he asks, "that a tree should outlast the man who plants it? That pavements should endure but pedestrians perish? That a song like the Hallelujah Chorus be immortal but not its composer? . . . The greatest thinkers believed in immortality, because if there were no other world than this, then life would be a stupid joke. Without immortality, the whole drama of life is a farce. ... It seems unreasonable that God would leave us in the grave. It may seem hard sometimes to make our minds believe in the life beyond, but it is infinitely harder not to believe in it.”

“Finally,” DeWindt says, “we believe that man shall live again because of the greatest book ever written and the greatest life ever lived. . . . For the final word about life beyond the grave, you go to the one book that has stood every test through two thousand years. That book declares that 'this mortal shall put on immortality and death shall be swallowed up in victory.’ The Bible leaves no room for doubt. Nor does Jesus Christ.”

Other Reasons Given

To Dr. DeWindt’s arguments might be added the thoughts of Dr. Robert J. McCracken of the Riverside Church in New York city. He says that great thinkers from generation to generation have believed in life after death because of logic. These men, he declares, "refused to concede that at death [life] can be extinguished.” "It is a persuasion rooted in the faith that there is righteousness as well as reason at the heart of things, that the constitution of the universe is against evil.” Love, McCracken added, is still another reason why Christians believe in a life beyond death.

Add to this Dr. Norman Vincent Peale’s convictions. He said that his deceased mother appeared to him and convinced him that “there is no death.” tip to that time Peale confesses that he had taken a rigorously scientific, rational, skeptical attitude toward psychic phenomena in general "But now,” he says, “I felt an unshakable certainty that this was real. Of course I can’t prove it scientifically. But we all constantly accept as certain many things in life we can’t prove, and yet would stake our lives on. For me, this is one of them. I don’t think I believe it merely because I want to believe it; that has never been my way. But—what you experience at first hand, and in full possession of your senses, you know, period.” He states that his “hard-bitten, philosophical”-minded father had the same experience.

Dr. Peale argues: “We do not believe in immortality because we can prove it, but we try to prove it because we cannot help believing it Indeed, the instinctive feeling that it is true is one'of the deepest proofs that it is so. When God wishes to carry a point with men he plants the idea in their instincts. The longing for immortality is of such universality that it can hardly be met with indifference by the universe. What we deeply long for, what we deeply feel, must surely reflect a basic fact of human existence. Such great truths as this are not believed because of proof and demonstration, but by faith and intuition. Intuition is an important factor in the scientific perception of truth. As Bergson pointed out, scientists often come to the end of verifiable knowledge, then, by a leap of intuition, arrive at truth.”

Some men think that talk about future life is wishful thinking. But Dr. Leslie Weatherhead, minister of the City Temple and former president of the Methodist Conference, asks: “What in heaven’s name is wrong with wishful thinking? Because I wish that my dear one should recover from some terrible illness, does my wishing preclude the recovery? . . . The fact that I wish to be reunited with my dead dear ones doesn’t preclude the reality. If God is what I think He is, the reality of a further life will be far fairer than the dream. ... I have not the slightest doubt, in my own mind, that for those who love, reunion after death is certain.’’

Real Reason for Believing

Combine the total opinions of all men, whether they be ministers or laymen, educated or uneducated, and what do you have? You still have the thoughts of men, which is a very poor basis for building true Christian faith and hope. But if an angel from God were to speak to us about death and life, it is only good sense that he would tell us some things that we could not have found out for ourselves. Jesus Christ was a messenger from God. To the Jews Jesus said: “From God I came forth and am here. Neither have I come of my own initiative at all, but that One sent me forth.” “I do nothing of my own initiative, but just as the Father taught me I speak these things.”—John 8:42, 28.

Therefore, Jesus Christ stands above all men. He is different. He speaks with authority and conviction as no other man has ever spoken. It is impressive that he does not argue life in another world immediately after death. He does not argue for what does not take place. He speaks, not by argument, but convincingly that life everlasting in the future is not for all men, and that a future life for some is, not through any survival of a so-called “immortal soul” into another world, but by a resurrection of the dead by the power of the living God. —Matt. 7:28, 29; John 7:46.

Jesus is positive. He is sure of life. He does not say to his followers: ‘My faith is that we will meet again.’ Or, ‘I hope we will meet in the future.’ Or, ‘There is a fifty-fifty chance that we will meet again.' No! To the evildoer staked alongside him, Jesus said: “Truly I tell you today, You will be with me in Paradise.” He leaves no room for doubt. His words command respect and faith. They are a guarantee that it will be so. To Martha Jesus said: “Your brother will rise.” “I am the resurrection and the life. He that exercises faith in me, even though he dies, will come to life, and everyone that is living and exercises faith in me will never die at all.” To the Jews Jesus said: “Most truly I say to you, He that hears iny word and believes him that sent me has everlasting life, and he does not come into judgment but has passed over from death to life. Most truly I say to you, The hour is coming, and it is now, when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God and those who have given heed will live.” Jesus allows no room for men to doubt that the dead will rise again.—Luke 23:43; John 11:23-26; 5:24, 25.

Now, if Jesus had not been sure of life by resurrection out of death, then it would have been a terribly dishonest thing to speak so positively of it. But since he was sure about a matter so much within his realm of knowledge and authority, it would be presumptuous on our part not to believe him. For by our disbelief we would be saying that we know more than he does about a matter on which he is expert. To deny the Master Teacher’s teaching is like telling him that he does not know what he is talking about. The proof of the truthfulness of Jesus’ words is in his resurrection, when God raised him from the dead. What men need to do is to fix these truths firmly in their hearts.—Acts 2:32; 1 Cor. 15:3-8.

Life by a Resurrection

The dead very positively will live again. This fact is as sure as the universe. (Matt. 24:35) However, not all who now die will live again. Only those who believe God and exercise faith in the Son as the Redeemer and give heed to the commandments of God will live. It would be infinitely dangerous for any lighthearted person to twist the words of Jesus to mean that it does not matter how one lives now because everyone will gain life. Not so. Jesus very frankly says: “He that exercises faith in the Son has everlasting life; he that disobeys the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God remains upon him.” What could be plainer than these words?—John 3:36.

Life in the future does not come automatically through the release of a so-called “immortal soul” or by means of a reincarnation. Jesus emphatically taught that the dead will come to life by means of a resurrection. He told people: "The hour is coming in which all those in the memorial tombs will hear his voice and come out, those who did good things to a resurrection of life, those who practiced vile things to a resurrection of judgment.” His apostle Paul years later told Governor Felix: “I have hope toward God . . . that there is going to be a resurrection of both the righteous and the unrighteous.” Therefore, a special commission of forty-three Protestant theologians after intensive study during five years have rightly concluded that the Bible teaches "that the Christian hope is in resurrection, a being raised from the dead, rather than in a natural immortality.”—John 5:28, 29; Acts 24:15.

This commission in its lieport published in a 126-page booklet entitled “Life and Death—A Study of the Christian Hope” stated: "It is a mistake to say, ‘there is no death,’ for that is a lie. The Christian faith does not try to play down the reality of death but, on the contrary, it insists that when a man dies he really dies. Deathlessness is not a quality of the human soul any more than it is a quality of the human body. Indeed, this division of man’s being into an immortal soul and a mortal body does not come from the Bible and actually clashes with the Christian teaching that life beyond death is a work of God’s grace, not a natural unfolding of man’s constitution, and that the Christian hope is in resurrection. ... As we have said, the idea that man consists of two separable parts, soul and body, does not come from the Bible; it comes from the Greek philosophers.” Christians cannot and do not accept the popular Platonic view that death is “the separation of soul and body.” Rather, they stand solidly by God’s Word, which teaches that the hope of the dead is in God’s power to resurrect them.—Col. 2:8.

Yes, God’s Word tells us that life for the dead who lie in memorial tombs and for the living who exercise faith is sure by God’s love. Therefore, anointed Christians can mock death as the apostle did: “Death, where is your victory? Death, where is your sting?” “Thanks to God, for he gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ!”—1 Cor. 15:55, 57; John 3:16.

Veena: Well, of course, she will have mixed feelings, but you must bear in mind that in India we grow up prepared for our parents to make a choice of marriage partner for us. In fact, I wouldn’t trust my own choice in the matter as my parents are much wiser than I am. I know they will choose what is best for me. You can be sure that this bride’s chief fear will lie in the fact that she no longer belongs to her parents after her marriage. She must then learn to please her husband’s family, but in all this she is confident that her parents have made the right choice for her. seen, and I remember that the account says that it was after his marriage that he fell in love with her.

Veena: Maybe that will help you to appreciate our customs. For us, love comes after marriage and grows and increases as the years go by. Can you begin to imagine now how this bride feels? She dreams how her husband will be kind and gentle to her, how she can show by her talk and actions her submissiveness to him, how she will dress her best for him with all her jewelry and lovely saris. Her mouth waters as she plans the spicy curries and rich sweet dishes that she will cook for him. Will her husband take her part if difficulties arise with his family with whom they will be living? How will he speak to her? Whatever happens, she will want her husband to be proud of her. So many thoughts crowd into her mind!'

Ruth: Tell me, Veena, will she see him now before the ceremony at all?

Veena: It is usual, first of all, for him to meet her family and friends who have already gathered and have been' visiting with one another. The bride herself is in an anteroom being dressed by her girl friends and female relatives. When the preliminaries, the religious rites, with the parents are over, she is brought out and sits with him on a small platform in view of all. At this time, the bride and bridegroom may exchange garlands of flowers and the bride’s sister or nearest female cousin ties the girl’s veil to the boy’s chuddar, a type of scarf that the boy wears over his shoulder. Even now, however, it is usual for the bride to bow her head in a submissive way, so, except out of the comer of her eye, she sees very little, and in some provinces of India both of their faces would still be covered at this point. As you know, India is a country made up of many people, and whatsis a custom and considered proper in one place is quite unheard of in other parts. With the Moslems, for example, the bride and bridegroojn sit in separate rooms for the wedding ceremony and make their vows by proxy, through their priests.

Ruth: In the Western world, a bride usually wears white. What customs do you have here, Veena?

Veena: The Gujratis wear white, but we Indians usually wear shades of red. An Indian bride will also wear a special red veil and lots of jewelry for her wedding. Her feet and hands are ornamented with vermilion dye and her face is elaborately done up with lots of sandalwood powder, and sometimes powdered tinsel is u&d in different patterns on her forehead. Often, for days in advance, her female relatives and friends come to prepare her. They ceremoniously apply to her body a paste of saffron, herbs and perfume, some of which is also sent to the bridegroom for his use, but as this is expensive, these relatives must be richly entertained during these days. Everything in connection with a marriage here is governed by the couple’s horoscope, although in latter years this practice has become more of a formality. With some castes, however, the couple still do not share the marriage bed until the auspicious night read in their horoscopes.

Ruth: How strange! Veena, in the West we have an amusing superstition. The bride must wear “something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.” Do you have anything like that?

Veena: Oh, yes, we have our superstitions too. In the corner of the veil some tie grain, rice, betel nut, shells and all sorts of things the bride thinks will ensure good luck and a well-provided future. All these social customs differ, of course, according to the different provinces, but the basic ceremony is according to the rites of the religious books, the Vedas, and varies little. We do not wear wedding rings as you do. In some provinces, the bride wears rings on her toes. In Kashmir they wear a special type of earring. Others wear iron bangles sometimes attractively decorated with gold or gold necklaces with black beads. The Nepalese wear a many-stranded necklace of tiny green beads; but whatever the custom, you can always easily tell a married woman immediately.

Ruth: When an engagement is made at an early age, would it be proper for one of the families concerned to break it at all?

Veena: Oh, no! For a family to break an engagement means that they will have a bad name in the community. A promise is considered to be binding whether made in infancy, childhood or just prior to the wedding. A dowry is something that has always featured prominently in Indian wedding arrangements and doubtless will continue to play some part, because a dowry is not necessarily money or property. It may be jewelry and nearly always includes clothes for the bridegroom and even his family, or maybe the girl’s family will guarantee to give some specialized education to the boy.

Ruth: With parents making arrangements for the marriage of their children, it must be easy for a girl to get a husband early in life.

Veena: It would seem that way, but in actual fact it can prove to be very difficult if a girl is unattractive or has any physical defect at all. If a boy happens to have an unattractive sister, his family may insist that the girl’s brother take her as a wife. Skill in music and dancing, as well as education, are also taken into account when assessing the merits of a prospective bride, and the standard is just as high for a bridegroom. Every day you can read matrimonial advertisements in the newspapers. Look at this one: “Wanted: pretty, slim bride for Sikh boy, aged 25, height 3' 3", highly respectable family of Lucknow. Income one hundred thousand yearly. Girl’s merits main consideration. Poverty, education, no bar. No dowry.” Here is another one: “Young lady, M.A. convent educated, of a well-connected Punjabi family, seeks matrimonial alliance with suitable young man, either commissioned officer or holding covenanted post. Man must be from well-connected Punjabi family."

Ruth: Certainly these seem very strange when seen through Western eyes.

Veena: I can imagine they do and so must all the many other customs and traditions that are peculiar to the various provinces, but of one thing you can be quite sure: An Indian woman will stick to her husband no matter what happens, whether he is good or bad. You see, our custom of arranged marriages is directly associated with our mental attitude toward marriage. We go into marriage prepared to face anything that may come along and that is why divorce is almost unheard of in most communities in India.

Ruth: What a contrast to so many Western lands where divorce rates continue to rise! I wonder, Veena, if it could be that in following the custom of falling in love before marriage, many come to expect too much of their partners? Whatever the answer, there is one thing I do feel sure about now: that the Indians have an ancient key for successful marriage!

years ago today I became a full-fledged nurse," said Sarah, “and since then I have never had a moment of peace! There are always more beds, growth, change, challenge, always more to do, more to learn, more patients,” Yet, as she reflected on the past, she smiled. “You know,” she said in a softer tone, “these have been satisfying years.”

Another nurse who dresses trafficaccident victims’ injuries, who sews up head wounds, eye and lip cuts, said: “My career is ministering to the suffering. I have never regretted my decision to become a nurse. I don’t know how I’d live without nursing.” Children, however, are her specialty. She cares for them with the warmth of a mother, and loves it. This nurse is a firm believer that “nursing means more than easing physical pain and giving pills.” To her it is mixture of science and sympathy, not the sympathy that simply sheds tears, but the kind that is willing to sacrifice and put itself out for others.

What moves a young intelligent girl to want to become a nurse? Certainly there are plenty of other jobs that are more glamorous, less trying and better paying. To be sure, nursing is humanitarian; it serves the needs of all people, regardless of race, creed or status. Still, this does not explain the motivating cause behind the nursing profession.

Actually, nursing is a development of the mother instinct or the mother-care-of-the-young impulse. The word itself comes from the word meaning “to nourish.” In the broadest meaning it covers not only the care of the sick, the lame, and so forth, but also the promotion of health and vigor in those who are well. So behind the title “nurse” there is the idea of cherishing and promoting good health as well as helping the sick. Many psychologists say the maternal or parental instinct is the main force behind the desire to become a nurse. This drive is found in all people and in both sexes, although women seem to have more of it than men. This force can be felt in the following experience.

“God will bless you for taking care of the sick,” said an old woman about to die. The nurse remarked: “With her eyes the woman w^ras saying, ‘I am not afraid to die, but I do not want to die alone.’ ” So the nurse sat down beside the woman and held her hand. A few minutes later the woman spoke her last words. “Just like a daughter,” she said. She meant the nurse was as loving and understanding as a daughter to her. After the woman died, “I cried like a baby,” the nurse said. Inwardly the nurse was satisfied for having helped at this critical moment, even though it was at a great sacrifice of herself, for it is not easy to watch people you love die.

Choosing Nursing as a Career is something that should be given serious thought before one finally decides. To decide from hearsay or impulse, to yield to the prodding of parents or friends, to be influenced by the movies or advertisements, to act on the basis of very little knowledge about the profession, is to learn the hard way. Prepare yourself by asking nurses and doctors about the profession. Read, look, listen and think carefully on the subject before making your decision. Remember, every year about a third of the girls who enter nurses’ training never graduate. They find the demands too great and the standards too high to meet. They will admit that they just did not have what it takes. Do you? Can you conform to the near-military discipline of the nursing school and hospital? Are you able to shoulder a life-and-death responsibility for others? Will continual association with the sick and the suffering depress you? Can you stand the smells, the sight of pain and blood?

True, a professional nurse has a certain prestige, but it must first be earned. This requires stamina, drive and determination. If you are in the habit of putting off until tomorrow things that should be done today, if you use words without understanding them, if you are not a good speller, if you do not write legibly, if you are not good in arithmetic, if you find it hard to put the welfare of others ahead of your own, then, let’s face it, you are not in a good position to undertake a professional nursing career. Most likely you would be happier doing other things. Here is why:

Besides the basic subjects that a girl is expected to have studied in high school, such as biology, chemistry and arithmetic, the professional nurse today must also have a good background knowledge of anatomy, physiology, microbiology and nutrition. She is expected to read books on psychology and new therapies, reports on medical research, manuals on nursing care, bulletins and vital statistics. Through training she is introduced “to the principles not only of simply medicine and surgery but also of urology, neurology, geriatrics, pediatrics, obstetrics, orthopedics, psychiatry, sociology, gynecology, ophthalmology and otolaryngology. And she must learn the techniques of her profession as practiced in public health and clinical and industrial nursing as well as in hospitals.” (New York Times Magazine, August 25, 1957) If you do not have the stamina or ability to master lesser subjects, certainly such formidable academic demands will prove too much for you. You will be wasting precious years trying to master them when your talents could easily be channeled in another direction more suitable to your capabilities.

Why the Shortage?

To some extent, these formidable academic demands may explain why the shortage of nurses. A recent survey indicated that at present there is a shortage of some 56,000 professional nurses in the United States. Still, three times as many girls enter college every year as take up the nursing profession. Although the country has more nurses today than ever before—some 460,000, of whom 97.6 percent are women —many hospital wards are closed for lack of nurses. Experts say there is need for 600,000 registered nurses right now and that the country will require 700,000 by 1970. Yet the registered nurses force increases by only some 19,000 a year.

The increase in the number of patients and hospitals is another reason why more nurses are needed. Hospital insurance has made it possible for millions of Americans • to enter hospitals. Just because they have hospital insurance they take their aches and pains to the hospital instead of caring for themselves. One nurse said that when the doctor told a woman, “I’m sending you home tomorrow,” she replied, “O no, doctor, you can’t! I just got here!” “There was absolutely nothing wrong with her. She had convinced someone she was ill so that she could be taken to the hospital. All she wanted was a place to pass the time of day,” the nurse said. Some hospitals minister to as many as 55,000 patients in a single year, and altogether too many of the patients are of this same caliber. Too often these occupy beds that truly sick patients cannot get because of overcrowding.

In less than ten years the number of hospitals in the United States increased by 676, to a total of 6,956, and their number is increasing constantly. The number of hospital beds increased 12 percent in ten years, hospital admissions increased 34 percent, births in hospitals increased 63 percent in this same period. As many as 13 out of every 100 Americans go to hospitals yearly now. This, of course, can mean only one thing—more hospitals, more doctors and more nurses.

Duties and Training

In the early hospitals the duties of the nurse included a great deal of housekeeping and administrative work, such as the care and management of kitchens, linen rooms, drug rooms and other supply departments, as well as the actual cooking, scrubbing, laundry work and other menial labor. In recent years the nature of the nurse’s work has changed; so has the training. Now a trained dietition prepares the food. Nurses’ aides, orderlies, volunteers and practical nurses take over the routine jobs in many hospitals. About eighty years ago nurses l&aned heavily on learning by doing, the trial-and-error system. Today more classroom work is required to keep abreast with the rapid medical advances, such as in the field of X-ray and atomic radiation.

The difference between a professional and a practical nurse is primarily in the amount of training each receives and, therefore, in the work each is allowed to do. The basic nursing course that 84 percent of all students take is three years of classroom instruction and on-the-job training in a hospital. Prior to World War II, the practical nurse assisted only in the care of patients not acutely ill, but due to the great shortage of nurses during the war and after, they have taken over many of the jobs once done by the professional nurse. They now bathe patients, make beds, change dressings, observe and record the patients’ symptoms and reactions.

On the other hand, the professional nurse has found herself operating more in a supervisory or in an administrative capacity over the nonprofessionals. Today she very rarely takes full charge of a patient. More often she acts as a captain of a hospital team made up of one or two registered nurses, a practical nurse, two or three student nurses, an orderly, a nursing aide, attendants, ward maids and sometimes a volunteer aide as well. These generally perform their duties for which they are trained under the direction of the professional nurse. In the past twenty years this arrangement has edged the professional nurse away from direct contact with her patients to the point where she sees less of them in the flesh and more of them on paper now. Surveys show that only 20 percent of their time is spent in direct contact with patients and 80 percent on duties that keep them away from the patient’s bedside. The professional nurse spends more time keeping records than she does nursing patients.

A Look report (July 7,1959) stated that many professional nurses are dissatisfied and frustrated at being separated from their patients. The article said that one professional nurse when asked about this revolutionary change in her practice remarked: “The only true, soul-satisfying work to me is bedside nursing. It involves patience, skill, teaching and psychology. By giving your best, you feel that you are giving some degree of good and happiness to others, and they in turn give to you." Another said: “Many of us are bitter over separation from patients, particularly since some of our most sacred duties have been given to others—some of whom are grossly unprepared.”

The professional nurse, who is best qualified to care for the sick, reportedly spends most of her time behind desks and filing cabinets, while nonprofessional nurses are performing the more complex tasks and supplying the human warmth and comfort to the patients. A few years ago 65 percent of the nursing staff of a general hospital consisted of professional nurses and 35 percent nonprofessional help. Today the opposite is true. About 25 percent are professional nurses and 75 percent nonprofessionals.

Complaints and Pay

Both nurses and patients are dissatisfied with the way things are done in many hospitals. Nurses complain that what they have learned in the classroom about understanding the patient’s needs and stimulating him toward independence is often forgotten in the ward. One nurse said: “The floor nurses don’t apply any of the things they learn in class. Frankly, I think the hospital has a split personality.”

The patients complain that nurses are too often curt and untactful. “Why must I drink that?” the patient asks. “Doctor’s orders,” is the sharp reply. “Why is my mouth dry?” “Ask your doctor.” Would it not be just as easy and a whole lot kindlier to say, “The drink will do you good,” and, “You have a slight fever,” than to deal so severely with the patient ? Qualities of love, sympathy and understanding go a long way toward making both the patient and the nurse feel better.

A United States Department of Labor survey showed nurses earn an average of $66 a week. Salaries for nurses go up sharply with experience and added responsibilities. Those at the top of the profession earn $200 a week and more. Despite these good wages, about 43 percent of the registered nurses in the United States at present are doing work other than nursing. Every year some 5 percent of the nursing force drops out. Marriage and family responsibilities claim a large percentage of these. Others find greater opportunities, more advancement and money in other fields.

A great effort is under way to woo the professional nurse back into the fold. Promises of better wages and lower rents are made. A lighter work-load and greater opportunities to get ahead are held forth. Refresher courses at low costs are offered to those who have not kept up with the latest developments. Nursery schools are set up for married nurses with small children. But despite these attractive inducements, professional nurses seem rather hesitant about returning to their first love —the nursing profession.

Whether you choose nursing as your profession in life is, of course, a decision that you must make. If you do, then know there is a great field from which to choose. There is hospital nursing, first aid, home nursing, industrial nursing, obstetrical nursing, practical nursing, psychiatric nursing, pediatric nursing, public health nursing, orthopedic nursing, Red Cross nursing, school nursing, surgical nursing, and so on. Make a wise choice. The fact that nursing brings comfort to so many proves a source of deep satisfaction to many as they devote themselves to those who very much need their help.

EVERY summer there is a mass movement to lakes and seashores throughout the world. But thousands of those who plunge into the water do not come out alive. In the United States alone more than 6,000 people drown each year. Many more would drown if it were not for the alertness and skill of lifeguards.

Why drown when it can easily be avoided? Whether you are a good swimmer or no swimmer at all, you can survive in deep water for hours without tiring. But usually you need to keep yourself conscious and alive for only a few minutes until help comes. Knowing what to do can save your life.

Panic is probably the principal reason why many people fail to survive the few minutes needed for saving them. Because they frantically fight the water to keep their head above the surface, they quickly exhaust themselves. This is a fatal mistake. The first requirement for survival in water is to keep calm. Besides shortening your chances for staying alive, panic endangers the life of your rescuer and makes rescue more difficult. Very often a would-be rescuer is grasped in a strangle hold by the drowning person, and unless he is well trained in lifesaving techniques he may also drown. More than one life is frequently lost in an effort to save a drowning person.

The first thought the average person has when he sees someone drowning is to jump in and swim to the rescue. If he is not a good swimmer he will be of no help to the drowning person when he reaches him. Very likely he will be so tired that he will have difficulty getting himself back to shore, much less the one he came to save. This is especially so if the victim is large. He also needs strength and skill for breaking a strangle hold if one is put on him.

If you are not a good swimmer, avoid a double tragedy by not jumping into the water. Instead, look for a boat. If none is nearby, perhaps there is somebody in a boat offshore that you can call to. If not, look for a life ring, buoy, rope, inner tube or anything else that can be thrown to the person. If he is beyond your reach, run for help.

Save Your Strength

In the event that you find yourself in difficulty while in deep water, do not use up your strength by frantically thrashing the water. Remain calm; keep your head.

Do not imagine that you will go to the bottom like a lead sinker if you stop fighting the water. The air in your lungs and the fat in your body give you a natural buoyancy that will keep you floating near the surface.

One method of floating is to roll on your back with your body stretched out and your arms and legs bent like a frog’s for better buoyancy. If you have very little fat in your body, you may find that a few slight movements of your feet and hands will be necessary. Do not try to hold your head out of the water. Your head is heavy, weighing perhaps twelve pounds. Let it rest on the water. If your face is awash, you can raise your head a little each time you need air. Keep your arms and shoulders under the water. By calmly relaxing on your back, you will save your energy and be able to survive the short time it usually takes for help to arrive.

Floating Face Down

By far the best way to conserve your energy and to survive in the water is to float face down. This method, developed a number of years ago by Fred Lanoue, a swimming instructor in an American university, has saved a great many lives. It makes survival in the water for many hours possible. The method uses the water to hold up your body, including your head. Since your head is heavy, trying to hold it above the water saps a lot of energy.

This method saved the life of a seaman who fell from an ocean liner not so long ago. When the man found himself in the water, he realized that he was hundreds of miles from shore and that his only hope for survival was to remain floating until he was missed and the liner could turn around and pick him up. Three hours after he had fallen overboard, the liner returned and found him in good condition.

Another example is that of a crippled boy whose wheelchair was accidentally struck by two racing youngsters, causing it to roll off a dock and dump the boy Into the water. While the two frightened youngsters ran for help, the crippled lad used the face-down floating method and kept himself from drowning. His rescuers were amazed that he was alive, because he was paralyzed from the waist down.

The face-down system can keep you alive for many hours, even in rough water, whether you can swim or not. Lanoue took a group of fifty-seven poor swimmers and put them in the water to see how long they could stay there by using his system of floating. The average quitting time for the group was four hours and fifty-two minutes. Sixteen stayed in for eight hours. A skillful swimmer that was tied hand and foot remained in the water several hours. He was as fresh when he quit as when he began.

How to Be Drownproof

The first step in Lanoue’s system is to relax, letting your whole body go limp after taking a deep breath of air. Drop your head forward in the water and let your body hang vertically like a jellyfish. Do not worry; you will not sink. Your body will float in the water with only the back of your head above the surface. By hanging there, feet down, you are letting the water do the work of supporting you, and you are conserving your energy. Your buttocks may tend to swing upward if you are fat, but this can be stopped by exhaling some air.

Hang limply for a few seconds and then cross your arms in front of your head in a relaxed and easy manner. In the same easy manner lift one leg toward your chest and extend it forward while at the same time you extend the other leg backward. Now raise your head, exhaling through your nose. Since the back of your head is above water, you will not have to raise your head very high.

To keep your head above water while you inhale bring your feet together and in a lazy, easy movement sweep your arms outward. You want the movement to be sufficient so you can get a breath of air but not so much that it brings your shoulders out of the water. As soon as you have some air drop your head in the water again, face down, and bring your arms to your sides. Rest with your body completely relaxed. Do not hang there until your lungs feel as if they are bursting for air, but come up for air before you feel the need for it. If your chest feels tight, you may be either resting too long or not taking in enough air.

By alternately resting and coming up for air in the manner just described, you will find that you can stay in the water for hours without becoming fatigued. Rather than using up your strength by continuous body movements, as when treading water, you are spending most of the time resting. This method will keep you alive for a long time during an emergency.

Traveling Without Tiring

It is possible to travel at least a mile without becoming tired by using a simple swim stroke along with this face-down method of floating. After taking in air, drop your head in the water and bring your arms in front of your head. Separate your legs like a pair of scissors. Your body will now begin to swing up to a horizontal position. Bring your legs together in a scissorlike kick. When they have come together, sweep your arms back with your palms open and fingers closed. Do this in an easy, relaxed manner, bringing your arms back to your thighs. Relax as your body glides forward.

Now rest and replenish your air supply by bringing your body back to the vertical, hanging position. This is done by bringing your knees to your chest and putting your arms to your forehead. Then extend one leg forward and one backward. Raise your head, bring your legs together gently and sweep your arms out lazily. Exhale the old air and take in a fresh supply. In this manner you can rest and also swim to safety if it is not too far away.

Precaution Best Safeguard

With a knowledge of how to float there' is no need to drown, but there is also no need to get in a situation where you are in danger of drowning. In most instances a little precaution is all that is necessary. Swim only half as far from shore as you can comfortably go, remembering that you must swim back. Swim only where there are lifeguards on duty. Never swim immediately after a meal or stay in the water until you are cold. At no time should you swim alone. Observing these few precautions can help to safeguard you from the danger of drowning.

Practice the face-down floating method the next time you go swimming so it will come easy for you when it may be needed. If you have children, by all means teach it to them. Why should you or your children drown when it is possible to survive by floating?

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«T ET marriage be honorable among all.

■L¹ and the marriage bed be without defilement,” (Heb. 13:4) How Jehovah’s witnesses help others to obey that rule is shown by the following experiences:

• After studying the Bible for several months with one of the Witnesses a young Martinique mother of two children wanted to dedicate herself to God, but she had an obstacle: she was living with a man to whom she was not married. Learning of God’s requirements, she explained to him, in spite of living with him for nine years and having two children by him, “If you continue to refuse to marry me, I will leave you because my only wish is to live in harmony with Jehovah’s will.” The man, not taking her seriously, said: “We will see about that later.” Then one day he came home to find the house empty. Locating her, he begged: “Please come back. We will get married in three months.” She replied: “No, my dear; I will go back with you after marriage, not before!” In three weeks they were married and at the first opportunity thereafter she got baptized.¹

• • A couple living in a common-law relationship in Jamaica, upon learning the Bible principles on marriage, arranged to get married. Outsiders, some of whom had traveled far to be present, were greatly impressed, and as a result many former op posers are now listening to Bible truth. As one prominent citizen expressed it: “I thank God I was there, for I have heard many ceremonies, but in all my life nothing like this.”¹

• • In Tanganyika a Witness was studying the Bible with a man who was planning to divorce his wife and marry another woman. When he Anally bought the tickets to send his wife back to his mother the Witness made one last effort to help him see God’s requirements regarding marriage. As a result he changed his mind, explaining to his friends: “These' men of God have explained the proper way to live with my wife.” The two are now living happily together and the man has begun to preach the good news to others.¹

• • In Panama a Witness was conducting a Bible study with a family of seven, the parents and five small children. As the parents pro

gressed they wanted to share in preaching the good news to others, but there was some doubt about their being married. So once, just before their weekly Bible study, the Witness explained to them God’., requirements regarding honorable marriage. The senora did not say a word, but the man was visibly shaken. He said that he had not known that and that he had never considered getting married. Because he was taking it so hard the subject was dropped and the Bible study begun. Halfway through the study the wife had to leave the room, and then the man confided that he could not Keep his mind on the study for thinking about the matter but that he could not trust any woman and that he just could not see how he could possibly marry; at least he would have to think it over for a long time. He was assured that no one was trying to force him into marriage but that if he wanted to be a Witness he could not do otherwise, and that the Witnesses would be glad to perform the ceremony free of charge. However, at the conclusion of the study he said: “Well, I have made up my mind; we are getting married.” They were married two weeks later, began preaching the good news of the Kingdom and both were immersed at the first assembly that followed,                ■

• • Also in Peru persons of good will toward God are learning that marriage is held in honor among Jehovah’s witnesses. One outstanding example was that of a seventy-two-year-old man who finally married his sixty-four-year-old companion after they had lived together for many, many years and had raised a large family. One of their own sons, a lawyer, arranged the legal matters! Shortly after they were married the old man was baptized and since then has been a zealous witness of Jehovah in spite of failing health.¹ • In Boston, Massachusetts, a man who had decided to leave his wife and live with his mistress in another eity was persuaded by a Witness to hear a discourse on marriage given by the president of the Watchtower Society. After hearing this discourse he returned to his wife to remain true to her. As a result of this she is now studying the Bible with one of Jehovah’s witnesses. Yes, Jehovah’s witnesses do hold marriage in honor.

  

  By

  AY I offer you a piece of

  '‘Awake!” correspondent in Switzerland

  brown sugar and vanilla being added to the

  chocolate?” “Oooh! How deli

  
  

cious! It just melts in your mouth, doesn’t it? But once I get started, I just can’t stop.” “Don’t I know it! I have often asked myself, Why is it so deliciously moreish? And all the different kinds' Why, it’s a delight just to look in the shops. Since World War II the chocolate industry has showered upon us the most luxurious assortment of new flavors and kinds. Every few months a new one, wrapped in the gayest of wrappers, tempting to the eye and making the water run in your mouth. Just look at them: nuts and raisins, almonds and honey, oranges and pineapples, apricots and raspberries, fondant and liqueur fillings of all flavors. The manufacturers vie with one another to offer us a new one— a veritable race in fantasy and initiative. And the confectioners and pastry cooks just revel in doing the same. How did it all get started, and why is little Switzerland the acknowledged leader in this race, and why, oh why, does it do things to our livers, while egging us on to eat more?”

Hour It All Got Started

It was away back around 1813 that young Francois-Louis Cailler stood watching the cioccolatieri making his wares at his little roadside stand in Italy. He saw ground roasted cocoa beans and pounded to a fine paste in a primitive wooden mill, and then rolled into the form of a sausage and cut into slices. As he tasted this delicious sweetmeat he reflected on the possibilities of doing this heavy work mechanically by water power in his own country, thus achieving a much finer product at a lower price and under far more hygienic conditions. He set to work. An appropriate machine had first to be invented and constructed, raw materials were hard to procure, and transport was slow and expensive, but in 1819 the first chocolate factory was opened near Vevey within sight of the Chateau of Chillon on Lake Geneva. It was uphill work, but the new product in tablet form caught on. Cailler quickly saw the advantages of attractive packing, and his name became known far over the borders.

The race was on! Other names and brands appeared on the market. Suchard in 1826 was followed by Kohler in 1830, to be joined by Daniel Peter and Nestle in Vevey, by Spruengfl in Zurich and later by Lindt and Tobler in Berne, to mention a few. Improvement followed improvement in mixing, kneading and blending, always something new to offer to an expectant and appreciative consumer public. But it was Daniel Peter who, in 1875, with great patience and perseverance and after eight years of experiments and setbacks, became the indisputable pioneer in the manufacture of milk chocolate. This was outstanding owing to the limited technical equipment and the natural incompatibility of the fats of cocoa and milk, and little was known about dehydrating and sterilizing in those days.

If you drive through the luxuriant pasture land of the Gruyere down to Lake Geneva, or through the Bernese alpine valleys, then you will understand what this invention has meant to Swiss economy. Rich alpine milk, this important ingredient that has led to the popularity of Swiss chocolate, they had right on the spot. Now around 30 million liters (7,926,000 gallons) of milk is consumed yearly in chocolate making, together with large quantities of cream and fresh butter used in fillings and other specialities.

The chocolate industry today comprises thirty factories, which, with few exceptions, belong to the “Chocosuisse” Union, employing more than 6,000 persons, with a production to the value of 260 million Swiss Francs (approx. $60,400,000). Large quantities are exported to all corners of the globe. And do you know there is a selection of over three hundred varieties in tablet chocolate alone?

The Process of Chocolate Making has remained in principle the same. Two essential basic requirements must be observed throughout, namely, scrupulous cleanliness and utmost care at each step. First the cocoa beans are sorted and cleaned after their long journey from all parts of the globe, then roasted in great metal drums. This requires meticulous care, for it is here that the cocoa receives its delicious aroma and red-brown color. When cool, the beans pass into the crushing machine or mill and the worthless skins and woody germ buds are sifted out. These have no food value and impair quality. True, they add bulk, and some makers of cheaper qualities save time and skip this procedure. A most important step is the correct mixing of the cocoa beans, as each sort has its own special flavor and aroma, according to the land of origin. The blending of these has become a science and the recipes are usually factory secrets.

After milling, the fine liquid mass comes into the mixer. It is liquid because cocoa contains 50 percent fat (cocoa butter), which melts at a comparatively low temperature. Now the various ingredients are added: refined sugar, dehydrated or powdered milk, additional cocoa butter, hazelnuts or almonds according to speciality. Heavy granite rollers knead the mixture to a greasy, rough-looking raw chocolate, which passes on to the refiner fitted with five steel rollers like a mangle, coming out fine and smooth. During this process the cocoa butter is completely absorbed into the other ingredients, appearing now like a dry powder. But not enough! To achieve that velvet smoothness that makes it just melt in your mouth, a further process is necessary; and this invention became the secret of Swiss quality.

On leaving the refiners the powdered chocolate now is put into a machine called a “conche” for an average of seventy-two hours. This designation comes from the original design of this machine, it being in the form of a mussel shell. Today there are other models, and large factories have hundreds of these “conches,” their rhythmic beating representing the pulsating heart of the chocolate factory. Upon the care and precision and time spent in this process depend to a large extent the quality and value of the product. Cheaper brands may be achieved by time and labor saved at this point, but as you dissolve the chocolate between your tongue and palate you will find it a little raw and you will miss that smooth softness. This machine takes up to 100 kilograms (220 lbs.) of chocolate at a time. The chocolate is protected by a heavy lid so that the fine aroma cannot escape and is kept at a regular temperature. Ceaselessly, for three to four days the mixture is kneaded, rubbed and pushed back and forth and so refined to an insurpassable fineness.

Molding and Packing

Now comes the molding into attractive and convenient shapes and sizes for sale. This is mostly done mechanically, the chocolate flowing into rustproof metal molds or forms, which then pass along to the noisy little knocking tables. Here they are jolted and shaken to ensure that the liquid spreads out perfectly and all air bubbles are eliminated. This is essential to give it that attractive luster and glossiness. Additional raw ingredients such as almonds and raisins, pistachio or hazelnuts having been added at this stage, the forms now pass slowly through the cooling tunnel and the chocolate becomes solid, hardened and glossy. Plain or milk bars are finished at this point, but tablets with truffle, nougat, fruit, liqueur or nut-cream fillings require a complicated procedure and three times the amount of work.

On leaving the refrigerators the tablets are gently tapped out of the forms by the practiced hands of trimly capped and aproned women and passed along the conveyor to the automatic packing machines. Who would imagine that one hundred working hours had been needed from the raw bean to the finished tablet? These are now packed in various wrappers: first tin foil, then in grease-proof wrapping and finally in gay outer wrappers. The intricate wrapping machines handle sixty bars a minute and are truly technical marvels.

A certain amount of molding and decorating is still done by hand, but in spite of the thousands of different forms in which chocolate is being brought to the market, mechanization has been developed to a fine art. Even the delicious pralines or center-filled chocolates, in all their varieties and designs, are being made by skillfully constructed machines, then to be packed in layers in pretty boxes each in its dainty quilted paper cup. Finished off with a gay bow of ribbon and sealed in cellophane, it is an acceptable present for all occasions for both young and old.

A Valuable Food

Chocolate is not only a sweetmeat to enjoy, it is also a valuable food. It is highly nutritious, being rich in carbohydrates, albumen, vitamins and minerals, and thus figures high in calories. It has been reckoned that a 100-gram tablet of milk chocolate (about ozs.) equals six hen’s eggs in calories, or 750 grams of fish (1.655 lb.) or 450 grams of lean meat (nearly 1 lb,). So in what other form can it be said that there is such a wealth of valuable nutrition packed in so small a space?

Chocolate is universal in its usages. Many medicines are embedded in it, restorative health foods and drinks are based on it. Pilots, mountaineers and hikers have tested its sustaining qualities, and the family enjoy it in all forms, from a steaming cup for breakfast to tempting desserts or cakes for tea. Kept in a cool dry place, the dark or bitter varieties of chocolate will keep well for a year, but milk or filled chocolate is more perishable and should not be stored more than four to six months.

An important factor in cocoa is theobromine. This stimulates the activity of the nervous system, increases bodily performance and helps the mental worker over tired spells without curtailing sleep, as so often happens with tea and coffee.

It is just this combination of bitter and sweet and the stimulating effects of theobromine that make chocolate “so deliciously moreish.” But it is just this theobromine that, while stimulating the nervous system, often has a laming or slackening effect upon the intestinal muscles, causing constipation and a sluggish liver activity, although other ingredients tend to counteract this effect in good chocolate as manufactured today.

Taking this and the richness of chocolate into account, there are also several good substitutes offered in health food stores. One variety is made with pasteurized dehydrated milk whipped to a foam with malt, sweetened with grape juice and flavored with chocolate, then vacuum-dried into crisp, crunchy bars.

Oh, by the way, though, that’s the real stuff in those gay cherry-brandy filled chocs, so observe the counsel “only for adults”! A little brown squirrel who was most partial to chocolate, especially the nutty ones, slipped through the bedroom window of a house near his woodland home once too often in the hope of a titbit and unfortunately could not read. So he adeptly stripped off their silver wrappings and gobbled them up—but, oh! sleep overcame him and he lay comfy and snug, drunk to the world in the middle of the eider down. When the owner looked around for the thief, he couldn’t move a leg to escape! He had found them “deliciously moreish”!

If you are “line” or complexion conscious, needing to count those extra calories and keep that liver toned up, you will enjoy a piece of chocolate, but you will remember its high food value, and, well, who of us would think of eating six eggs at one time? It is good to observe moderation in all the good things of life that are provided for our enjoyment, and to bear in mind Paul's words: “Let your reasonableness [moderation, AV] become known to all men.”—Phil. 4:5.

Faith Cures

• In Psychiatry and the Bible, Carroll A. Wise writes: "To understand what may happen in 'faith cures’ one must understand the close relation of physical, emotional and spiritual processes, and that experiences on one level have a marked influence on all levels. . . . Since many physical illnesses are either caused by or complicated by such feelings as anxiety, guilt and hostility, the symptoms of such illnesses may be removed, and the affected organ may return to normal functioning through resolution of the conflict.,, . There is no doubt that many so-called faith cures are experienced by persons suffering from emotionally produced illnesses through relationships and processes which we understand today. Some persons are very suggestible and through the proper rituals and ceremonies can find symptoms relieved, but only to find other symptoms developing later, because the underlying cause is not removed. Other illnesses, created by a desire to get out of an intolerable situation, clear up miraculously when the situation is changed. However, the patient may not understand what has taken place and under certain influences may claim a faith cure. . . .

• "Many psychiatrists have commented on the speed with which an organ may return to proper functioning once an inner tension such as anxiety is relieved. But a person who undergoes this experience of immature f Eli th healing will likely remain immature in his personal and religious relationships. He will have need to defend the kind of experience which cured him of his illness, and one way of defending it is by insisting that others follow the same practice. If his dependent relationship is threatened in any way, such as his religion being questioned, he may become ill again. Such immature faith may have personal value, and may be preferred to a diet of drugs and sleeping pills, but it should not be confused with mature faith in the New Testament sense.”

THE first warm days of late spring or early summer send millions of persons flocking to beaches and lakes, venturing up to rooftops and heading for backyards. After a long cold winter the warm rays of the sun i feel good, giving one a sense of well-bein A golden-brown suntan, generally avoided as distasteful fifty years ago, is toda garded as a mark of health and a sign leisure and prosperity. This is true, not only in North America, but on all the continents and many islands of the sea, almost everywhere light-skinned people live.

The sun is a real blessing to man; its radiant energy absorbed by plants produces food necessary for his very existence. However, the sun produces no similar life-sustaining benefits when penetrating the skin of a denuded sun-bather. Its only measurable health benefit is its ability to stimulate the production of vitamin D, of which most persons receive an adequate supply from their food.

On the other hand, the powerful sun can cause a great deal of harm if not approached intelligently and with due respect. It can have serious effects on one person, whereas the same amount of exposure to the sun may be harmless to another. Then there are some people, known as heliophobes, who do not tan at all, but merely burn and peel over and over again. Therefore it is important for each person to determine, Is sun bathing wise for me? If so, how much is advisable? How should I go about getting a suntan? What are the dangers df^un bathing? To properly an-swer these questions it is well that you consider the following information on the rays of the sun and how they affect different persons.

How the Sun Burns

Like so many waves rolling toward a beach, so radiant energy is transmitted from the sun to the earth. The distance from the crest of one sun wave to another is called wave length. The wave length of visible radiation, giving us light, is quite long, compared to the wave length of ultra* violet radiation, which is invisible. It is only the ultraviolet radiation, with wave lengths from about 290 to 360 millimicrons, that burns or tans the skin.

This helps us to appreciate why on a cloudy or foggy day with no sunlight one can receive a severe burn. The burning ultraviolet rays coming from the hidden sun are present even though they are invisible and one does not feel them. Then, too, on the beach the cool ocean breeze may take the heat away from the body, deceiving many people who realize only too late that they have been severely burned. Even while lying under a beach umbrella one can be burned, since the dry sand reflects some of these ultraviolet rays and fires them back at the one who thought himself safe in the shade. Water will reflect up to 100 percent and snow as much as 85 percent of these sunburn rays, which explains why a person gets more sunburn at the beach than in his own backyard, and why in the middle of winter a skier can develop a suntan. While lying in front of a window that has the sun shining through, a person can get really hot, even reddening his skin, but since ordinary window glass screens out the ultraviolet rays he will never get a sunburn.

What, then, is sunburn, and what causes a suntan to develop? The short-length ultraviolet rays penetrate the epidermis, the outer layer of skin, and in the case of overexposure, the dermis, or middle layer, causing inflammation and congestion of the capillaries, which, in turn, produce redness and pain. As most people well know by experience, it usually takes three or four hours before the skin turns red and one feels pain—this is sunburn!

A suntan develops when the penetrating ultraviolet rays cause capillary congestion, thus stimulating the production of melanin in the lower areas of the skin. Melanin is the dark pigment responsible for tanning. It takes about twenty-four hours after exposure before these granules of melanin begin their journey toward the surface of the skin. In three or four days after exposure and after the redness of moderate sunburn has subsided the melanin reaches the surface of the skin to give it the desired tan appearance. Some persons naturally have quite a bit of pigmentation in their skin and they sometimes acquire a tan in a few hours or overnight as a result of the darkening of this pigment that is already in the skin. However, a true tan acquired by the production of melanin takes several days to develop.

Contrary to what a person might think, it is not this dark coat of tan that affords the primary protection against further burning, but rather it is the progressive thickening of the skin’s surface that comes as a result of exposure to the sun. All too quickly the tan begins to fade. What happens? The melanin continues to work its way out, so that eventually the tan literally falls off.

Since one must experience some sunburn to produce a true tan, it is only the part of wisdom to be extremely careful. A person should start by getting only enough sun to produce a slight pinkening of the skin, and then daily increasing the doses as protection is afforded by the gradual thickening of the horny layers of the skin’s surface. Since the skin of different persons varies in thickness, oiliness, and so forth, it is impossible to say how much sun at one time is safe for everyone. Redheads, blondes and those with blue eyes, who usually are fair-skinned people, should be particularly careful, and the heliophobes might just as well forget about sun bathing altogether. Sun bathers should keep in mind that when the sun is directly overhead the burning ultraviolet radiation is most intense, and that no sunburn is likely before 8 a.m. or after 4 p.m.

The public spends millions of dollars a year on suntan lotions. These are designed to screen out a percentage of the more noxious ultraviolet rays, having wave lengths between 290 and 330 millimicrons, and allowing the longer wave lengths to shine through. This allows the sun bather to spend more time in the sun, and consequently to develop a tan faster and with less pain. Olive oil and other vegetable oils have a limited ability to screen out some of the ultraviolet rays, whereas mineral oils are useless in this regard. For those who want protection against sunburning one can buy creams on the market that will screen out harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Too Much Sun

Too much sun can scorch unprotected flesh just as painfully and seriously as can a red-hot stove or an open flame, only it often does it so subtlely that the victim does not realize what is happening until it is too late. It was reported in a United States publication that absenteeism resulting from sunburn amounts to about 7,500,000 workdays a year, with approximately an equal number of days lost due to inefficiency of workers suffering from sunburn. Severe cases have even resulted in death.

Millions of persons every summer sacrifice themselves hour on end to the blazing sun. Why? Primarily it is a matter of vanity; they want to look wholesome and attractive, and according to present standards a golden-brown suntan contributes to that end. However, you who are interested in being beautiful, consider what the sun is doing to your skin. In order to protect itself from the penetrating ultraviolet radiation the skin surface thickens, and, repeated year in and year out, exposure causes it to develop a dry, leathery aspect. On a man this may look masculine, but it only makes a woman look old. Many women in their forties who have regularly kept up that suntanned appearance have skin as lined and furrowed as that of an elderly farmer. Is keeping up a suntan worth it?

There is a more serious aspect to consider. Evidence proves that sunburn is a factor in causing skin cancer. According to Dr. Charles S. Cameron, of the American Cancer Society: “Repeated sunburn is perhaps the most widespread of the known causes of cancer.” Dr. Blum, who for many years studied ultraviolet light as a cause of cancer, summed up the evidence this way: “There are several converging lines of evidence: 1. About 90 percent of skin cancer is found on exposed areas, principally the face; 2. Skin cancer is rare in Negroes, who are also little susceptible to sunburn; 3. North and South distribution of cancer follows the North and South distribution of ultraviolet light; 4. We are able to produce skin cancer in mice 100 percent of the time by using ultraviolet light. . . , apparently repeated doses over a long time can cause cancer of the skin.”

When asked about the danger of a single overexposure or developing an occasional tan Dr. Blum replied: “A single overexposure, one severe sunburn, doesn’t mean a thing. It takes long years of being outdoors, as in the case of a cowboy, an athlete or a sailor.”

Therefore the wise counsel to be moderate in all things would apply well to the sun bather who continually exposes his body to the fiery blast of the sun. It is true that the sun’s warm rays feel good after a long cold winter, giving one a sense of well-being. Then too, the relaxation of frolicking in the surf or lying on the beach may be just what the doctor ordered. Yes, the sun can be a source of blessing to those who use good sense and exercise moderation. But remember, too much sun can be harmful; it can make you look old before your time and perhaps even lead to skin cancer.

Ji A S OLD as Methuselah.” That is a A popular expression throughout Christendom, for it is common knowledge that according to the Bible Methuselah lived longer than any other human.

Did Methuselah actually live as long as the Bible says he did? No, say the wise men of this old world. That simply could not be. According to The Encyclopedia Americana Methuselah “is remarkable as the oldest man mentioned in the Bible, his age being stated in Genesis 5:27 as 969 years. According to Hebrew chronology ... he died in the year of the Flood. . . . Few will be found who believe that a man ever attained such an age. The most rational conclusion is that the original writer had in mind a period different from the year of 365 days.”

And the Interpreter’s Bible says: “The stories of the patriarchs with their immense longevity are a sort of wistful reflection of what men have liked to believe might be.” The Standard Reference Work makes a similar observation: “Some of the ages ascribed in the Scriptures, as that of Methuselah at 969 years, are evidently due to some misapprehension of the chronicler.” Some fifty years .ago The Encyclopaedia Britannica tried to tie in Methuselah to some Babylonian epics, even as do certain current Bible reference works, but in its more recent editions it admits: “Attempts . . . have been made to find etymologies for the name, and to equate it with a name 311 similar Babylonian lists, but all are precarious.” What about these arguments? Did the Bible writer Moses have in mind a different kind of year? Are these immense ages given for those who lived before the Flood merely wistful reflections or due to some misapprehension on the part of Moses? No, these ages cannot be explained away. The Bible is consistent and furnishes its own proof, even as it does in countless other instances.

How is that? It gives us the clue in connection with the length of time that the flood of Noah’s day lasted. The Bible account shows that when Noah went into the ark he “was six hundred years old,” or more exactly, “in the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month,” the Flood begart, and that “in the six hundred and first year ... in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth had dried off.”—Gen. 7:6, 11; 8:13, 14.

Regarding this year and ten days that Noah spent in the ark the Bible records the following: At Genesis 7:24 we read that “the waters continued overwhelming the earth a hundred and fifty days,” at which time “the waters began receding from off the earth, progressively receding.” Then “in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountain range of Ararat. And the waters kept on progressively lessening until the tenth month. In the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains appeared.”—Gen. 8:3-5.

Next the record tells of Noah as waiting forty more days and then of an unspecified time period and then two intervals of seven days. During this time he first sent out a raven and then three times a dove, the second time the dove coming back with “an olive leaf freshly plucked in its bill,” and the third time the dove failed to return. Then the record speaks of “the six hundred and first year” of Noah’s life. —Gen. 8:6-13.

Obviously the months involved were thirty days long, for we read of the twentyseventh day of a month. And the year must have been twelve months long, because we read of the second month, the fifth month, the seventh month, the tenth month, then of a period that exceeded fifty-four days, all in this six hundredth year of Noah’s life. If his six hundredth year consisted of twelve months of thirty days, we are forced to the conclusion that all the other years of his life were equally as long.

True, we do not know by what means these patriarchs harmonized the difference between their lunar year and the solar year, but that difference has no bearing on the point here made. The ancient Babylonians made use of an intercalary month and so did the Jews. What is important is that Moses had in mind a year in the sense that we use the term today. The fanciful explanation of some that he meant lunar months instead of lunar years poses more problems than it solves, for it would have us believe that Seth became a father at the age of about nine years, Enosh at the age of seven and a half and Kenan at the age of less than six, and so forth. —Gen. 5:6-12.

That these antediluvians lived so long should not be difficult to understand. Jehovah God created man to live, not to die. Had Adam not sinned he would be living today. Since he was created with the potential of living forever, it should not be so very hard for us to believe that it was possible for him and his early descendants to live over 900 years.

True, after the Flood we see a definite decline so that in some 900 years Moses was obliged to write: “In themselves the days of our years are seventy years, and if because of special mightiness they are eighty years, yet their insistence is on trouble and hurtful things, for it must quickly pass by and away we fly.”—Ps. 90:10.

Pertinent here is the point made by Dr. Foissac in his Le Longevity Humaine: “The long life of the Biblical patriarchs is a fact more rational, more in accord with the known facts of physiology, than is the brief existence of men who inhabit earth today.” And not a few other scientists have stated that there are more reasons, scientifically speaking, why man should not die than why he should die.

In further support of this are certain archaeological findings made in the cradle of humankind, in Asia Minor. These show that the men who lived before the Flood were not only vastly superior to modern man in mental and physical endowment, but also that they must have lived to an extreme old age, as their remains show teeth that have been worn down by reason of their use for a great many years.

In view of all the foregoing facts, reasons and scriptures, the only answer to the question, How long did Methuselah live? is 969 years, solar or lunar. The figures given for the lives of the men born before the Flood are not due to using another kind of year, not due to wistful reflection or to some misapprehension, regardless of what all the authorities without faith in the Bible may say to the contrary!

Cold War Intensifies

$ On June 15 Soviet premier Khrushchev increased world tensions by warning that if the West used force to maintain West Berlin a nuclear holocaust could result. He declared that “if any country violated the peace and crosses the borders—by ground, air or water —of another country, it will assume full responsibility for the consequences of the aggression and will receive a proper rebuff.” Two days later the United States warned the Soviet Union that it may resume testing of its nuclear weapons. Khrushchev replied that if the United States resumed testing so would the Soviet Union.

Britain’s Crime Increase

In a statement before the House of Lords, Lord Bathurst, undersecretary for Home Affairs, reported that indictable crimes known to the police in England and Wales totaled 743,714 last year—a 10-percent increase over 1959.

Prison Population

and Executions

•$> In 1960 the population of the United States federal prisons increased for the eleventh consecutive year. In December prisoners numbered 23,160, for an increase of 847 over the same period in 1959. Even this swelling prison population seems small when one considers that J. Edgar Hoover reported that some 1,500,000 serious crimes were committed in 1959, with close to a 10-percent increase in 1960. Executions in 1960 numbered only 57, the lowest of any year on record except for 1958 and 1959, when the record low of 49 was recorded in each year. All prisoners executed were males and their median age was 30.8 years. Forty-five were murderers, 8 were executed for rape, 2 for kidnaping, one for robbery and one for aggravated assault by a life prisoner.

Earthquake in Iran

<$> On June 11 fifty persons were killed and all 1,500 inhabitants of the south Iranian village of Dehkuyeh were made homeless by a devastating earthquake, according to a government radio broadcast.

Family Headship

Dr. Thomas T. Jones, associate professor in medicine at the Duke University School of Medicine, explained to a gathering at the opening of the New Orleans Graduate Medical Assembly that the failure of the husband to take the lead in the family and exercise proper headship was responsible for the nervousness ftf many women. He said that “unless the male is dominant in the home or family life there is a great deal of unrest on the part of the woman.” Dr. Jones observed that women also become nervous when they usurp the role of major responsibility. Therefore he said that “it is the wise woman who boosts her husband’s ego even though she may be far superior to him in intelligence,”

Train Disasters

<•> On June 18 a French express train en route to Paris jumped the tracks at eighty miles an hour near Vitry-le-Francois, killing at least twenty-four persons and injuring over a hundred. Just five days earlier thirty-three were killed and forty-seven injured when two commuter trains hit head-on near Stuttgart, Germany.

Age at Marriage

<$> Science News Letter reports that in the United States in 1960 the median age at first marriage was 22.8 for bridegrooms and 20.3 for brides, half of the brides and bridegrooms being under those ages and half over. More men married at 21 and women at 18 than any other age. According to the 1890 census half the U.S. bridegrooms were under 26 and half the brides were under 22, revealing that today there is a trend toward earlier marriages. In Europe the bridegrooms and brides are usually about three years older than they are in the United States, being very similar to the U.S. marriage-age pattern at the turn of the century. In Canada 1 be median age for grooms is 24.8 and brides 21.7. The oldest brides and grooms, on an average, are found in Ireland, where the men average 31.4 years of age and the women 26.5, and in India they are the youngest—20 for grooms and 14.5 for brides.

'TJompensatlon NenrosLs” <$> A British doctor, Harry Hall Tomkin, described a new disease that he labeled “compensation neurosis,’’ which afflicts those temporarily disabled by accidents and who are waiting tor compensation to be paid. Dr. Tomkin said that he had known many persons actually to become paralyzed, “but as soon as they get the cash they’ve been waiting for they recover almost immediately.” He recommended as a cure getting the ailing person back to work as soon as possible, even if it means modifying the machine to let him work it while in plaster.

Inconvenience

On June 13, on the hottest day in two years, New York city experienced a major power failure during its evening rush hour. At 5:05 p.m. the power went off and full service was not restored until 9:27, nearly four and one-half hours later. In the meantime hundreds of thousands of persons from Forty-third Street to Seventyseventh Street were subjected to various degrees of inconvenience. Offices and homes were without light, hundreds sweltered in stalled subways (the mercury hit 96° during the day), loaded elevators stalled, traffic lights went out, causing traffic jams, and airconditioning failed. The Consolidated Edison Company blamed the trouble on “mechanical failure” in a circuitbreaker at its West Sixty-fifth substation.

Shoplifters’ Take

$> In a survey of 308 food store operators representing 2,918 stores, 64 percent of the respondents reported shoplifting to be on the increase. The survey revealed Saturday as the favorite shoplifting day, with Friday in second place. Lone women were listed as the most frequent offenders, followed by children alone. The average value of thefts was $1.11, but in large stores, doing a half million dollars in business annually, the average theft was $1.45. It was reported that last year shoplifting cost food stores in the United States one half of one percent of gross sales, or $260,000,000.

Fertile Cat '

<$> According to an AP dispatch a twenty-year-old cat owned by Mac Tboill of Columbus, Ohio, gave birth to a lone kitten recently. This brought her total number of offspring up to 193.

Paid Priest Helpers

4> In California young men are being given a special course of instruction and then sent out to work as "priest helpers” in order “to tell people what the Catholic Church is all about.” Catholic priest Eugene R. Zimmers, University of San Francisco philosophy teacher, with approval from higher church authorities, founded the project. Zimmers explained that “there are 80 million people in the United States who do not belong to any church. We do hope to tell them what the Catholic Church believes and teaches.” In June seven young laymen, who had quit their regular jobs, finished a ten-month course of special instruction at the University of San Francisco in preparation for their work. Catholic parishes will hire them and pay them salaries. They will start at $500 a month and may eventually make more than $10,000 a year.

ChurcJkBaided

<$> On May 30 in San Bernardino, California, a parish fundraising festival was broken up by police in a raid on a room at the playground of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church. A “chuck-a-luck” game, estimated to be worth $150 to $200, dice, playing cards and two posters listing blackjack rules were confiscated, according to Lt. W. Arnold Yost, head of the vice detail.

Explosive Underwear

<$> Chemist J. L. Howlett told a conference of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents that girls wearing nylon underwear can cause explosions or fires. He said that "tests on female clerical staff wearing nylon underwear and leather shoes revealed charges of 600 volts after walking 25 yards.” As prevention against accidents Howlett advised that girls working in dangerous locations wear "conducting footwear," that is, shoes that would dissipate the electricity as fast as the undies generated it.

Increased Use of Drugs

<§> The amount of sleeping pills and other barbiturates given out by Health Service doctors in Britain has doubled in six years. According to a Health Ministry report on drug addiction, the amazing total of 72 tons of these drugs is consumed by Britons every year. The reasons for the alarming increase of drug consumption was said to be the increased tempo and heightened anxiety of modem living, vigorous advertising, and the widespread belief that drugs are capable of combating a person's every ache, pain and mental quirk.

Clergy Trude Union

<§> Priests all over Britain have pledged to support a clergy trade union, according to Peter Blagdon-Gamlen, vicar of St. Bartholomew's in Derby. He argued that “our troubles must be aired and we need a body to do the airing,” "I don’t know whether we would strike,” he continued, “—certainly not in priestly ministrations—but it would not be beyond possibility tor priests to act to support any of theft felfow&whom they feel to have been wronged,... Bishops would not be in the union,—they are more like employers.”

Wealth of the Vatican

$ In the London Daily Express of May 6,1961, journalist Ren6 MacColl gave some idea of the wealth of the Vatican. "Today the Vatican owns:—■ 1. A series of important and famous banks, including the Bank of Rome, the Banco di Santo Spirito (the Bank of the Holy Ghost), and the Credito Centrale del Lazio. 2. A controlling interest in Italy's biggest gas, light, water, telephone, and public transport services, real estate concerns, hotel chains, and insurance companies, 3. The Bastogi Finance and Holding Company, a huge concern through which the Vatican makes deals in real estate, railways, and cement. 4. Voluminous interests in countries including Britain, Switzerland, and the U.S. The T.E.T.I. telephone company, one of Italy’s biggest, is Vatican-owned, and in the Generale Immobiliare the Church has the largest real estate company in the whole country?’ The fortune of the Vatican was conservatively estimated at £5,000 million (14 billion dollars).

Accidental Drowning*

<§> The U.S. National Office of Vital Statistics reports that for the year 1958 persons drowned in bathtubs numbered 140, compared to only sixty-two that drowned in swimming pools. More than half of those drowning in bathtubs were under two years of age, three fifths being under five, whereas only 39 percent of those who died in swimming pools were under five years of age. The total deaths from accidental drowning in the United States during 1958 was 5,605, almost 11 percent of the 47,300 deaths from all nontransport accidents.

U.S. Export Up

<$> Business is looking up for American exporters; especially is this true in the field of machinery. Export sales have been running slightly ahead of last year, at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $20,000,000,000.

Cattle in India

■$> According to the Canadian Press, India has 160,000,000 cattle, which is almost one fourth of the world’s total cattle population.

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32

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¹

1961 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses.